The History of Halloween or Samhain, Day of the Dead

Halloween or Samhain had its beginnings in an ancient, pre-Christian Celtic festival of the dead. The Celtic peoples, who were once found all over Europe, divided the year by four major holidays. According to their calendar, the year began on a day corresponding to Nov. 1 on our present calendar. The date marked the beginning of winter. Since they were pastoral people, it was a time when cattle and sheep had to be moved to closer pastures and all livestock had to be secured for the winter months. Crops were harvested and stored. The date marked both an ending and a beginning in an eternal cycle. Samhain The festival observed at this time was called Samhain (pronounced Sah-ween). It was the biggest and most significant holiday of the Celtic year. The Celts believed that at the time of Samhain, more so than any other time of the year, the ghosts of the dead were able to mingle with the living, because at Samhain the souls of those who had died during the year traveled into the otherworld. People gathered to sacrifice animals, fruits, and vegetables. They also lit bonfires in honor of the dead, to aid them on their journey, and to keep them away from the living. On that day all manner of beings were abroad: ghosts, fairies, and demons--all part of the dark and dread. How Samhain Became Halloween Samhain became the Halloween we are familiar with when Christian missionaries attempted to change the religious practices of the Celtic people. In the early centuries of the first millennium A.D., before missionaries such as St. Patrick and St. Columcille converted them to Christianity, the Celts practiced an elaborate religion through their priestly caste, the Druids, who were priests, poets, scientists and scholars all at once. As religious leaders, ritual specialists, and bearers of learning, the Druids were not unlike the very missionaries and monks who were to Christianize their people and brand them evil devil worshippers. Pope Gregory the First As a result of their efforts to wipe out pagan holidays, such as Samhain, the Christians succeeded in effecting major transformations in it. In 601 A.D. Pope Gregory the First issued a now famous edict to his missionaries concerning the native beliefs and customs of the peoples he hoped to convert. Rather than try to obliterate native peoples customs and beliefs, the pope instructed his missionaries to use them: if a group of people worshiped a tree, rather than cut it down, he advised them to consecrate it to Christ and allow its continued worship. In terms of spreading Christianity, this was a brilliant concept and it became a basic approach used in Catholic missionary work. Church holy days were purposely set to coincide with native holy days. Christmas, for instance, was assigned the arbitrary date of December 25th because it corresponded with the mid-winter celebration of many peoples. Likewise, St. Johns Day was set on the summer solstice. Good Vs Evil - Druids, Christians, and Samhain Samhain, with its emphasis on the supernatural, was decidedly pagan. While missionaries identified their holy days with those observed by the Celts, they branded the earlier religions supernatural deities as evil and associated them with the devil. As representatives of the rival religion, Druids were considered evil worshippers of devilish or demonic gods and spirits. The Celtic underworld inevitably became identified with the Christian Hell. The effects of this policy were to diminish but not totally eradicate the beliefs of the traditional gods. Celtic belief in supernatural creatures persisted, while the church made deliberate attempts to define them as being not merely dangerous, but malicious. Followers of the old religion went into hiding and were branded as witches. Feast of All Saints The Christian feast of All Saints was assigned to No. 1. The day honored every Christian saint, especially those that did not otherwise have a special day devoted to them. This feast day was meant to substitute for Samhain, to draw the devotion of the Celtic peoples, and, finally, to replace it forever. That did not happen, but the traditional Celtic deities diminished in status, becoming fairies or leprechauns of more recent traditions. The old beliefs associated with Samhain never died out entirely. The powerful symbolism of the traveling dead was too strong, and perhaps too basic to the human psyche, to be satisfied with the new, more abstract Catholic feast honoring saints. Recognizing that something that would subsume the original energy of Samhain was necessary, the church tried again to supplant it with a Christian feast day in the 9th century. This time it established November 2nd as All Souls Day -a day when the living prayed for the souls of all the dead. But, once again, the practice of retaining traditional customs while attempting to redefine them had a sustaining effect: the traditional beliefs and customs lived on, in new guises. All Saints Day - All Hallows All Saints Day, otherwise known as All Hallows (hallowed means sanctified or holy), continued the ancient Celtic traditions. The evening prior to the day was the time of the most intense activity, both human and supernatural. People continued to celebrate All Hallows Eve as a time of the wandering dead, but the supernatural beings were now thought to be evil. The folk continued to propitiate those spirits (and their masked impersonators) by setting out gifts of food and drink. Subsequently, All Hallows Eve became Hallow Evening, which became Halloween--an ancient Celtic, pre-Christian New Years Day in contemporary dress. Many supernatural creatures became associated with All Hallows. In Ireland, fairies were numbered among the legendary creatures who roamed on Halloween. An old folk ballad called Allison Gross tells the story of how the fairy queen saved a man from a witchs spell on Halloween. Allison Gross O Allison Gross, that lives in yon towerthe ugliest witch int he North Country...Shes turned me into an ugly wormand gard me toddle around a tree...But as it fell out last Hallow evenWhen the seely [fairy] court was riding by,the Queen lighted down on a gowany bankNot far from the tree where I wont to lie...Shes change me again to my own proper shapeAnd I no more toddle about the tree. In old England, cakes were made for the wandering souls, and people went a soulin for these soul cakes. Halloween, a time of magic, also became a day of divination, with a host of magical beliefs: for instance, if persons hold a mirror on Halloween and walk backward down the stairs to the basement, the face that appears in the mirror will be their next lover. Halloween - Celtic Day of the Dead Virtually all present Halloween traditions can be traced to the ancient Celtic day of the dead. Halloween is a holiday of many mysterious customs, but each one has a history, or at least a story behind it. The wearing of costumes, for instance, and roaming from door to door demanding treats can be traced to the Celtic period and the first few centuries of the Christian era, when it was thought that the souls of the dead were out and around, along with fairies, witches, and demons. Offerings of food and drink were left out to placate them. As the centuries wore on, people began dressing like these dreadful creatures, performing antics in exchange for food and drink. This practice is called mumming, from which the practice of trick-or-treating evolved. To this day, witches, ghosts, and skeleton figures of the dead are among the favorite disguises. Halloween also retains some features that harken back to the original harvest holiday of Samhain, such as the customs of bobbing for apples and carving vegetables, as well as the fruits, nuts, and spices cider associated with the day. Modern Halloween Today Halloween is becoming once again and adult holiday or masquerade, like Mardi Gras. Men and women in every disguise imaginable are taking to the streets of big American cities and parading past grinningly carved, candlelit jack olanterns, re-enacting customs with a lengthy pedigree. Their masked antics challenge, mock, tease and appease the dread forces of the night, of the soul, and of the otherworld that becomes our world on this night of reversible possibilities, inverted roles, and transcendency. In so doing, they are reaffirming death and its place as a part of life in an exhilarating celebration of a holy and magic evening.

Essay on psych journal review - 2291 Words

PSYC101 Journal Article Review Assignment - Part 1 Article Content Identification and Summary Due: 11:55pm ET Sunday at the end of Week 3 of the 8-week course term You may work on this assignment ahead of its deadline but may not submit it prior to Week 3. Points Possible: 60 OVERVIEW: This is Part 1 of a two-part assignment designed to guide you through the steps of critically reviewing a published, evidence-based, scholarly journal article. This is an activity in which students engage frequently across their college careers in the completion of a variety of assignments. The article you review will be selected from the classroom Resources folder. For Part 1 and Part 2 of this assignment, demonstration of foundational skills†¦show more content†¦In the space below explain why you picked the article you selected for this assignment from the classroom Resources folder. Include a description of what about the focus of the article you chose captured your interest and why. I chose â€Å"Smoking behavior and motivational ï ¬â€šexibility in light and heavy smokers,† (Darlow Lobel 2012) because I have never understood why people chose to smoke. You know that smoking is bad for your health when you start smoking and you know it is hard to quit so why do people even start smoking in the first place? This article captured my interest because I work with a lot of people that smoke and have been smoking for years and I always wondered what their motivation was to smoke. I have also always wondered if there were certain triggers that caused them to, â€Å"crave,† a cigarette. I think learning why people smoke and what dictates when they do it would be informational. 2. APA Citation Format Show in the spaces below how you would source credit and reference-list (in APA formatting style), if you were writing a formal paper, the article you selected in the body of the paper and in a Reference list that would be attached to the end of the paper (for examples of how to correctly source credit in APA formatting style see the classroom Resources folder entitled, â€Å"APAShow MoreRelatedMy Vision And Plans For Personnel Psychology1575 Words   |  7 Pageslook forward by first looking back. From its inception, P-Psych (as it has become known) concerned itself with the application of psychological methods, understandings, techniques and findings to the study of personnel problems (Taylor Mosier, 1948, p. 1). Within this context, personnel was a short-hand way to describe people at work, not a particular organizational unit or topic domain. 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(2013, August 10). Parental Practices and Theory of Mind Development. Journal of Child and Family Stud, 844-853. Baker, A. J., Verrocchio, M. C. (2014). Parental Bonding and Parental Alienation as Correlates of Psychological Maltreatment in Adults in Intact and Non-Intact Families. Journal of Child and Family Studies J Child Fam Stud, 24(10), 3047-3057. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0108-0 Slobodskaya, H. R., Kozlova, E. A. (2016)Read MoreCharacter Analysis of Sam Dawson from the Film, I Am Sam1669 Words   |  7 Pagesof underdevelopment in adults. There is no specific scene or reference to Sams precise IQ, or whether he has been developmentally disabled since birth, yet it is implied from the film that Sam has been disabled for most, if not all of his life. 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Financial Management and Capital Budgeting Report †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management and Capital Budgeting Report. Answer: The Budgeting Report Capital Budgeting is the comprehensive procedure of ascertaining the credibility of a project. The capital budgeting project helps the investors take a look at every corner, pros and cons of the project, which helps them in decision making procedure. This is a whole process of investment appraisal decision and helps the project mangers analyse the positive and negatives of a given project. (Dayananda, 2008) The calculations for the related project has been provided in the excel sheet. Considering the same the following report on capital budgeting decision have been made. The GM of RUNWELL corporation is here trying to make a decision about the acceptance or rejection of a project with eight year life. He has collected all relevant information related to the project and has laid down the cash flows from this assignment. Using this information we have calculated few parameters which will help him take decision for the project. (Herbst, 2003) Net Present Value (NPV): the net present value of a project is the difference between the present values of cash inflows from the project with the present values of the cash outflows. When the value of inflows are greater than the values of outflows, it indicates positive NPV, and also that the investor will earn more than what he invests at the given cost of capital (Jakhotiya, n.d.). This is the case of positive NPV and in such cases the project should be accepted. When the outflows are more than inflows, it is negative NPV and the project should not be accepted. In the given scenario we see that the company invests approximately $1.53 million and the present value of cash flows generated from the project are approximately $2.11 million (Kaufman, n.d.). This means that the project generates about $0.53 million of positive NPV for the company. Based on the net present value evaluation the project should be accepted. (Kumar, n.d.) Internal Rate of Return (IRR): the internal rate of return in the capital budgeting tool whereby the rate earned on the project id determined. The values of the cash inflows and outflows are equated and with the help of trial and error method and interpolation, the rate of return on the project is calculated. (Pandey, 2015) In the given case we see that the IRR of the project amounts of approximately 23.35%, whereas the cost of capital of the project is 14%. This indicates that the return on the project is way more than the cost of the project. Therefore based on internal rate of return evaluation the project should be accepted since it earns more than what is to be expended on the project. (Paramasivan and Cuppiraman?iyan?, 2009) Pay-back period: this is the capital budgeting tool whereby the investors can help understand -the time in which there invested amount will be recovered. The pay-back period helps us understand the real duration of the project. Lower the period better I for the investors. In the given scenario we see that the pay-back period of the project amounts to approximately 3.97 years. The duration of the project if 8 years, and the investment amount is recovered by the management in 3.97 years. Therefore, we can say that the pay-back period of the company is efficient and the project should be accepted. (Peterson and Fabozzi, n.d.) Discounted Pay-Back Period: the discounted pay-back period is same as the pay-back period, except for the fact that the cash flows used in calculation of discounted pay-back period are the discounted cash flows, whereas those in normal pay-back periods are normal cash flows. Since the discounted values are used, the span in discounted pay-back period is higher than that of normal pay-back period. The discounted pay-back period of the project amounts to approximately 5.61 years and the span of the project are eight years. Also it has been provided that the managements desires of a discounted pay-back period of 5 years. We see that the discounted pay-back period of the project is slightly more than the managements expectations. Therefore, based on this parameter the project cannot be accepted, since the discounted pay-back period is more than the managements expectations. (Sofat, 2016) Therefore, based on all the above tools of capital budgeting we see that, the project seems viable to be accepted, except for the discounted pay-back period, which is slightly more than managements expectations. If the management can adjust its expectations of the discounted pay-back period then the project seem viable o be accepted from each point of view. (Wilkes, n.d.) The GM of the company is unsure for this project due to unexpected growth in the car manufacturing industry. In order to be sure of the project, the GM should study the reasons and factors which have contributed in this sudden increase in growth of car manufacturing industry. If according to his study and research the factors are expected to continue then he should accept the project and start with it, if not then the project should be rejected. We see that the GM has an option to sell this project to an outside contractor for $200,000. As per our calculations we see that the project is expected to generate a value of $581,357. This expected value is more than the sale price of the project. If the factors and cash flows move as expected in future, then the GM should accept the project himself and execute it independently instead of selling to the outside contractor. This way the company will generate more benefits. The weighted average cost of capital is a complex calculation and includes a lot of factor in its calculation. Having a wrong estimate of WACC can be very harmful for the company. Therefore a good research and data is required in calculations of the WACC for a given project. in the given case see that the company has taken the WACC to be 14%, the GM wants to increase the WACC for the risk of the contractor. But we see that the project plan for RUNWELL has been planned really well and is expected to generate high returns for the given investments. Therefore, we see that taking all the factors into consideration, the project seems viable to be accepted. The GM should go for the project with all this information. References Dayananda, D. (2008).Capital budgeting. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press finance. Herbst, A. (2003).Capital Asset Investment. 1st ed. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Jakhotiya, G. (n.d.).Strategic financial management. 1st ed. London: Sangam Books Ltd. Kaufman, M. (n.d.).The Capital budgeting handbook. 1st ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin. Kumar, R. (n.d.).Strategic financial management casebook. 1st ed. Pandey, I. (2015).Financial management. 1st ed. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD. Paramasivan, C. and Cuppiraman?iyan?, T. (2009). Financial management. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Peterson, P. and Fabozzi, F. (n.d.).Capital budgeting. 1st ed. New York, NY: Wiley. Sofat, R. (2016).Strategic financial management. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: Prentice-Hall Of India. Wilkes, F. (n.d.).Capital budgeting techniques. 1st ed. Chichester: J. Wiley.

Security as a technology issue in the classroom

Security has always been an issue of great concern for both individuals and organizations. Even before the advent of computer technology, people were highly concerned about their security, and the security of their assets and information related to them. Due to this fact security measures were established to ensure that people, properties and sensitive information were appropriately secured.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Security as a technology issue in the classroom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the contemporary society, security has become an even important issue due to the increasing use of computers, which come with a security risk (Rao, 2006, p. 45). As people, especially children, increasingly access risky sites like the social media, it is even more important to secure computer systems. This paper is an exploration of the relationship between technology and security, which also seeks to estab lish why it is important for a classroom teacher to know about the security issues that are associable with technology. As much as technology has made life easier, it is can be used manipulatively by malicious people. There are a lot of security issues that have arisen due to the use of technology (Koprowski, 2005, p. 1). One of these issues is hacking. It is the process through which malicious computer programmers attack other people’s computers to obtain personal information that can be used to attack them or even steal from them. Hacking has been a great issue especially in relation to the use of computer technology in financial institutions like banks. Hackers normally use deceptive programs to gain access to computers (Seymour, 2004, p. 37). They are then able to obtain personal information like credit card information which they can use to defraud their victims, or they can even obtain personal information like photos, or sensitive documents which they can use for vario us malicious purposes. Information security is important to a teacher in a classroom environment. A teacher should be very careful about information security particularly because there is a lot of information in the custody of the teacher that students should not access. In the same way, the teacher may also have personal information like private photographs, credit card information, personal identification numbers, etc (Radack, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for coursework on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If a teacher is not careful about information security, some information like examinations, credit card numbers, or even private photos may be accessed by students who may use it maliciously. Other people like fellow teachers may also access information that they are not supposed to access like secret research projects that a teacher may be undertaking, and worse still, some attacks may damage the computer system that the teacher uses (Handschuh, 2004, p. 98). This will make the teacher and the institution as a whole to lose data, which could translate to financial loss, or loss of substantial amounts of time while trying to recover the data. From the discussion above, it is apparent that information security is an important part of any computer system. This is because security loopholes in a computer system may make individuals and organizations lose a lot of money. It can also make organizations lose their goodwill and status since some information may find itself in the hands of people who may misuse it. It is thus important for organizations like schools to employ security measures like firewalls, and even passwords in order to ensure that information is secure. Given the repercussions of having a poor security system in an organization, it is even recommended that organizations and institutions hire information security experts to provide the institutions with information security solutions that will be difficult to manipulate. Reference List Handschuh, H. (2004). Contactless Technology Security Issues. CHI Publishing Ltd, Information Security Issues, Vol. 9, pp. 95 – 100. Koprowski, G. (2005). Study: Data Loss, Network Vulnerabilities Top Security Issues. Retrieved from https://www.technewsworld.com/story/47833.html?wlc=1310305175Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Security as a technology issue in the classroom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Radack, S. (2006). Security for wireless networks and devices. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/itl Rao, V. (2006). Enhancing Computer Security with Smart Technology. Auerback Publications. Seymour, B. (2004). Computer Security Handbook. New York. Barnes Noble. This coursework on Security as a technology issue in the classroom was written and submitted by user Nova Weber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Epilepsy essays

Epilepsy essays Robert J. Gumnit, a M.D., writes in his book Living Well With Epilepsy that all people suffering from seizures feel like that they are outcasts of society. They feel different than other people. They are scared to interact with others in public for fear of having a seizure and being made fun of. Some of the greatest people had seizures, such as Socrates, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Thomas Edison. People should not have to deal with this insulting everyday or even at all if possible. If people were more educated about epilepsy then they would not taunt epileptics, much less care that they even have seizures. To bystanders, convulsions look to be life threatening. The first time a person sees another have a grand mal seizure, which consists of lost of consciousness and convulsive movements of the body, they more than likely think that the person is dying. Then again, some seizures are life threatening. In a book entitled Epilepsy and the Family by Richard Lechtenburg, yet another M.D., there is a story of a woman who has a seizure while driving. The police find her dazed and confused, as well as uncooperative in the middle of a traffic jam. She was so confused she could not follow their instructions to leave the car. As a result, she was handcuffed, forcibly removed, and then booked for resisting arrest. She was injured in the struggle and lost several thousand dollars worth of cash and checks that she was carrying with her on her way to the bank. All of this happened because she wanted to conceal the fact that she had seizures, so she wore no identification saying that she had the dis order. Even with a physicians letter, she was still required to appear in court to answer to charges brought against her. She was ashamed of her disability and that is what it got her. Over a thousand dollar loss and charges brought against her just because she was too embarrassed to tell people that she had seizures. ...

Human Resource management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource management - Assignment Example However, most companies used the common technique of terminating employment of a given number of individuals. When most organizations face weak economy and low profits, executives try to solve this through cost cutting. This includes conducting the downsizing process. Through this process most organizations are able to better their earnings for a shorter period as most of the organizations cannot sustain these gains. This happens as organizations reduce the labor costs by laying off employees. However the hidden costs of downsizing are unbearable to most organizations. This is because the workforce is eliminated from the organization but the work load remains intact. This can cripple organizations effectiveness. The resulting challenge which faces organization’s managers is that they will be forced to review their system and add costs by introduction of: overtime program, casual staff and even long working hours in order to recover what has been lost. On top of incurring high financial costs, emotional costs that are immeasurable can be experienced. For the surviving employees they w ill have no choice but to work harder than usual. Effectiveness and efficiency are major goals of organization’s retrenchment. Therefore, the business entities can retrench redundant workers to pave way for mechanized production process aimed at speeding up production and improving quality of products or services. Gandolfi (2006 p. 2), asserted that downsizing was used by organization in 1990s as a practical measure to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness. It is a strategic management tool that has affected thousands of organizations and lives of millions workers in the world. Companies experience conditions that compel them to retrench a portion of its work force. The circumstances that cause downsizing include market reduction, economic recession, loss

Nursing Preceptorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Preceptorship - Research Paper Example Preceptorship is defined as a one to one relationship between a registered nurse and a nursing student whose purpose is to introduce a student to a clinical environment and orient them to the intense experience of learning in a practical mode. Preceptors introduce orientees to gain nursing skills, patient dealing, protocols and unit culture of nursing. This program enables them to learn and become competent enough to demonstrate basic unit skills by the end of the course. Students recently graduated from nursing school face difficulties when it comes to implementation part. They are pushed into a situation where one needs time and observation to implement the acquired knowledge. The main cause of the under stress nurses was found to be , lack of confidence in learnt skills, incomplete in critical thinking and clinical knowledge, correlation with patients and preceptors, dependence, frustrating work environment. Thus preceptors are essential to role model the professional attitude and skills which enable the orientees to learn and grasp them practically. This researched discovered how quickly orientees learn to implement clinical knowledge and nursing skills through preceptor orientation learning programs. The significance of preceptorship during nursing school is accepted and has been a part of nursing training program. Collaborative preceptor models between nursing school and service agencies have sustained a positive relationship and facilitated the nursing students to learn to integrate skills with real-life situations. This model provides a single nursing student to be precepted by a registered nurse whereas in the integrated clinical preceptor model, students plan their clinical experiences and preceptor acts as a mentor, clinical teacher, role model. It revealed the positive outcomes in the complex and dynamic world of acute health care. (Sandau & Halm, 2010) The importance of nurse prespectors in educating undergraduate nurses cannot be overstated. The guide and teach new nurses, the roles and responsibilities they have to face in a clinical setting. Thus the transition becomes easy for the undergraduates from the educational institutes to professionalism. It also facilitates t he specialization in any nursing faculty. As a frame work for clinical teaching, these preceptors demonstrate professional practice and share patient care experience. The awareness of handling patient’s condition and providing care accordingly, which they will encounter is shown to them. Theoretical information is thus put into practice with the help of prespectors. It is a responsibility of nurse prespector to form a connection between theory and practical implementation for an orientee, in a patient care environment. Thus achieving the expected results in a given time frame utilizing the facilities in hand is the main objective. This program holds utmost significance for mentor, orientee and the organization itself. Preceptor ship program offers professional nurturance and development in social and professional roles, which reduces the reality shock faced by new nurses in a clinical setting. Orientees feel les stresses as the preceptors gear them into right direction throug h experience thus learning takes place with constant monitoring and under constant guidance. Therefore the confidence level of such nurses’ rise due to participation in preceptorship program and their knowledge expands due to experienced preceptors who steer them into right